Activation and Evasion of the FEAR Pathway by RNA Viruses.

We recently identified the F ACT- E TS-1 A ntiviral R esponse (FEAR) pathway as an interferon-independent innate immune response that restricts DNA virus replication and is countered by poxvirus-encoded A51R proteins (Rex , 2024, ). The human FEAR pathway is mediated by the FACT complex, consisting of hSpt16 and SSRP1 subunits, that remodels chromatin to activate expression of the antiviral transcription factor, ETS-1. To counter this pathway, poxvirus A51R proteins tether SUMOylated hSpt16 subunits to microtubules to prevent ETS-1 expression. While these observations indicate a role for the FEAR pathway in DNA virus restriction, it was unclear if RNA viruses interact with this pathway. Here, we show that RNA viruses are also restricted by the FEAR pathway, yet encode mechanisms distinct from poxviruses to counter this response. We show vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a rhabdovirus, utilizes its matrix (M) protein to promote proteasome-dependent degradation of SUMOylated hSpt16 and to block ETS-1 nuclear import. Strains encoding mutant M proteins that cannot antagonize the FEAR pathway exhibit replication defects in human cells that can be rescued by hSpt16 or ETS-1 depletion. Moreover, FACT inhibitor treatment enhanced the replication of oncolytic VSV strains encoding defective M proteins in restrictive cancer cells, suggesting FEAR pathway inhibition may improve oncolytic virotherapy. Strikingly, we provide evidence that the inability of VSV M to degrade SUMOylated Spt16 in lepidopteran insect cells results in abortive infection, suggesting VSV-Spt16 interactions influence virus host range. Lastly, we show that human and murine paramyxovirus target SUMOylated Spt16 proteins for degradation in human and murine cells utilizing a conserved N-terminal motif in their accessory "C" proteins. Collectively, our study illustrates that DNA and RNA viruses have independently evolved diverse mechanisms to antagonize SUMOylated host Spt16 proteins, underscoring the physiological importance of the FEAR pathway to antiviral immunity.