The introduction of surface oxygen groups on fluid-like electrodes enhances biofilm growth of Geobacter sulfurreducens allowing continuous operation.

Microbial Electrochemical Fluidized Reactors (ME-FBR) changed the paradigm for growing electroactive bacteria from a biofilm strategy to a planktonic mode, while still performing direct extracellular electron transfer from oxidative metabolism in absence of redox mediators. Glassy carbon was the material selected for growing planktonic Geobacter sulfurreducens in ME-FBR. However, the material was unable to retain cells so applications implying continuous operation have been compromised. In this context, a tailor-made chemical strategy was followed considering the large amount of cytochromes C present on the outermost membrane of bacteria form of the Geobacter genus. In this work, a commercial glassy carbon (GC) was chemically modified with surface oxygen groups (SOGs) mainly carboxylic type with high affinity for heme group of cytochrome C. The functionalized material did conserve the structural and textural features and i) promoted the biofilm formation of Geobacter using acetate as sole carbon and electron donor source, and ii) increased the current density and acetate removal rate in comparison with pristine carbon. Thus, the new material enriched in carboxylic-type SOGs facilitates a-la-carte anchorage of electroactive bacteria to move on from a planktonic-based to a biofilm-based strategy, so ME-FBR operation could be expanded from batch to continuous mode, while electrical current was still possible.