Dietary intake of beta-cryptoxanthin, but not other carotenoids, is associated with less frequent anxiety symptoms in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional analysis of NHANES, 2007-2012.
J Acad Nutr Diet
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, United States, New York, NY, 10032. Electronic address:
Published: March 2025
Background: Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Carotenoids are a group of liposoluble bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Few studies have tested associations between intake of carotenoids from dietary sources and anxiety symptoms.
Objective: Assess associations between intake of common dietary carotenoids -alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin- derived from two 24-hour recalls, and frequency of self-reported anxiety symptoms.
Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted of the US population from the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
Participants/setting: Non-pregnant adults aged ≥20 years with complete data on dietary intake, frequency of anxiety symptoms, and covariates were included (n=11846).
Main Outcome Measure: Frequency of anxiety symptoms (feeling worried, tense, or anxious in the past 30 days) occurring for ≥ 75% of the past 30 days (≥23 days) vs less often.
Statistical Analyses Performed: Multivariable logistic regression estimated associations between intake of each carotenoid, in quartiles, and frequency of anxiety symptoms. Covariates included age, gender, education, marital status, family income-to-poverty ratio, energy intake, smoking, history of hypertension and diabetes, and intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins B6, C, and E, and magnesium.
Results: Intakes in the highest quartile of alpha-carotene (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.85), beta-carotene (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.85), beta-cryptoxanthin (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.71), and lutein/zeaxanthin (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.93) were associated with lower odds of anxiety symptoms for ≥75% of the past month, adjusting for socio-demographics. After adjusting for behavioral and dietary variables, only beta-cryptoxanthin intake (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.83) was associated with frequency of anxiety symptoms. Findings were similar using other thresholds for anxiety symptoms (>50% or 100% of past month).
Conclusions: Among US adults in 2007-2012, higher intake of beta-cryptoxanthin was associated with less frequent anxiety symptoms.
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