Polysaccharides as submucosal injection materials (SIMs) in endoscopic resection: A comprehensive review.

Submucosal injection materials (SIMs) play a vital role in the endoscopic treatment of benign and early malignant gastrointestinal lesions by effectively elevating lesions while significantly reducing the risks of thermal injury and bleeding. However, the traditional use of normal saline (NS) presents challenges due to its rapid absorption, which necessitates frequent reapplications and complicates procedural efficiency. Therefore, there is a pressing need for ideal SIMs that are cost-effective, readily available, and suitable for personalized therapy, while also demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and physicochemical stability. Recent advancements have highlighted the potential of polysaccharide-based natural polymers, such as sodium hyaluronate, cellulose, starch derivatives, chitosan, and sodium alginate, due to their superior biocompatibility and biodegradability. These polysaccharides have exhibited enhanced operational characteristics and therapeutic efficacy in animal and clinical studies. Nevertheless, ongoing research must address several challenges, including optimizing cost-effectiveness, improving mechanical strength and bioactivity, and mitigating intraoperative and postoperative complications. This review systematically examines the progress of polysaccharide-based natural polymers in SIMs, evaluates their current status and challenges in both research and clinical applications, and proposes future directions to enhance their utilization in gastrointestinal endoscopic therapy.