Analytical Methods for Estimating Metformin Hydrochloride, Pioglitazone and Teneligliptin in Diabetes Management: a Comprehensive Review.

Diabetes mellitus remains a global health challenge, with a growing need for effective therapies. Metformin, Pioglitazone and Teneligliptin are widely prescribed medications for diabetes management. Accurate and precise estimation of these drugs is essential to ensure optimal therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. This comprehensive review examines a multitude of analytical methods employed for the quantification of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Teneligliptin individually as well as in combine pharmaceutical dosage form focusing on their strengths, limitations and applicability within the realm of diabetes treatment. The choice of analytical method depends on various factors, such as the specific formulation, sample matrix complexity and the required sensitivity and quantification range. This review encompasses a wide range of analytical techniques, including spectroscopic methods (ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), chromatographic methods (high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry), electrochemical approaches and emerging technologies like mass spectrometry and biosensors. Additionally, it delves into the intricacies of method development and validation, sample preparation and the importance of stability-indicating methods. Recent advancements in sample extraction and preparation techniques are explored to enhance sensitivity and accuracy. By offering a comprehensive assessment of the analytical methods used for the estimation of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Teneligliptin for diabetes treatment, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians and pharmaceutical scientists. It aids in selecting the most suitable analytical method for specific applications, contributing to the continuous improvement of diabetes management and treatment.