Traumatic brain injury from a peripheral axis perspective: Uncovering the roles of liver and adipose tissue in temperature regulation.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Most current treatments for TBI and other neurological disorders focus on the brain, often overlooking the significant contributions of peripheral organs to disease progression. Emerging evidence suggests that organs such as the liver and adipose tissue play crucial roles in TBI pathogenesis. The liver synthesizes lipids and proteins vital for brain function, while adipose tissue provides hormones and metabolites that influence brain activity. New research indicates that the liver and adipose tissue work in concert with the hypothalamus to regulate essential processes, such as body temperature, which become disrupted in TBI. Additionally, the brain-peripheral axis-a complex network of visceral nerve pathways, hormones, and metabolites-plays a bidirectional role in regulating brain plasticity and function. Understanding how TBI leads to dysregulation of the liver, adipose tissue, and other organs could unlock new therapeutic opportunities for treating TBI and related neurological disorders. The intricate autonomic network involving hypothalamic and enteric neurons, along with visceral nerve pathways and hormones, presents both pathological targets and therapeutic potential. We examine scientific evidence suggesting that correcting disturbances in systemic physiology could enhance the brain's capacity for healing. However, the interdependence of this autonomic network implies that treating dysfunction in one area may affect others. Therefore, we also explore the mechanisms by which diet and exercise can comprehensively impact the brain-peripheral axis, supporting the healing process. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS: D-Fructose (PubChem CID 2723872); docosahexaenoic acid (PubChem CID 45934466); eicosapentaenoic acid (PubChem 5282847).