Transient memories are converted to persistent memories at the synapse and circuit/systems levels. The synapse-level consolidation parallels electrophysiological transition from early- to late-phase long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission (E-/L-LTP). While glutamate signaling upregulations coupled with dendritic spine enlargement are common underpinnings of E-LTP and L-LTP, synaptic mechanisms conferring persistence on L-LTP remain unclear. Here, we show that L-LTP induced at the perforant path-hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) synapses accompanies cytoskeletal remodeling that involves actin and the septin subunit SEPT3. L-LTP in DG neurons causes fast spine enlargement, followed by SEPT3-dependent smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) extension into enlarged spines. Spines containing sER show greater Ca responses upon synaptic input and local synaptic activity. Consistently, Sept3 knockout in mice (Sept3) impairs memory consolidation and causes a scarcity of sER-containing spines. These findings indicate a concept that sER extension into active spines serves as a synaptic basis of memory consolidation.
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