3,3-Disubstituted oxindoles constitute a significant class of biologically active molecules, often found in a wide range of bioactive compounds. In this work, we present a photoredox nickel-catalyzed intermolecular cyclization between -arylacrylamides and readily accessible alkyl bromides, which affords a diverse range of 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles in moderate to high yields. Our mechanistic studies reveal that the reduction of alkyl bromides single-electron transfer from a reactive Ni(I) species is a critical step in driving this radical cascade transformation. This approach offers several advantages, including mild reaction conditions, broad functional group tolerance, and a simple workup procedure.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d5ob00078e | DOI Listing |
J Am Chem Soc
March 2025
Department of Chemistry, UW-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
The formation of sterically hindered C(sp)-C(sp) bonds could be a useful synthetic tool but has been understudied in cross-electrophile coupling. Here, we report two methods that couple secondary alkyl bromides with aryl halides that contain sterically hindered C-X bonds: 1) -substituted aryl bromides with nickel catalysts and 2) di--substituted aryl iodides with cobalt catalysts. Stoichiometric experiments and deuterium labeling studies show that 1) [Co] is better than [Ni] for oxidative addition of di--substituted Ar-I and 2) [Co] is better than [Ni] for radical capture/reductive elimination steps with di--substituted arenes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
March 2025
Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
While the palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE) cooperative catalysis has become increasingly useful for arene functionalization, its substrate scope has been mainly restricted to reactive aryl iodides and bromides. Despite being a more available and attractive feedstock, common aryl chlorides have not been used as substrates for the Pd/NBE catalysis. Herein, we report the first general Pd/NBE-catalyzed vicinal difunctionalization of aryl chlorides.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGeneration of organic radicals from organometallic compounds is a key step in metallaphotoredox cross-coupling reactions. The ability of organoindium compounds to serve as sources of alkyl radicals under light promoted oxidative conditions is described. Organoindium reagents were used in dual photocatalytic/nickel cross-coupling with aryl bromides.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDalton Trans
March 2025
College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
The detailed mechanisms of Ni-catalyzed reductive arylalkylation of unactivated alkenes with aryl bromides to synthesize benzene-fused 5- and 6- cyclic compounds were systematically investigated by DFT calculations. Our finding reveals that, under the catalysis of a Ni/biOx system with Zn as a reductant, bromobenzene containing a terminal olefin unit preferentially undergoes traditional Heck cyclization and cross-coupling reactions, favoring the formation of 5- cyclization products. In contrast, when Zn is absent, Ni-alkyl species play a pivotal role, facilitating a rare 1,2-aryl migration followed by H-atom abstration, which selectively yields 6- cyclization products.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Catal
February 2025
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Catalytic enantioconvergent nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides are highly valuable transformations, but they are notoriously difficult to implement. Specifically, nucleophilic fluorination is a renowned challenge, especially when inexpensive alkali metal fluorides are used as fluorinating reagents due to their low solubility, high hygroscopicity and Brønsted basicity. Here we report a solution by developing the concept of synergistic hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis.
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