Cardiovascular Risk Profile of Nivolumab Anti-cancer Therapy: A Review of Current Literature.

Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) upregulate host antitumor immunity, proving efficacy across diverse tumor types. Currently approved ICI treatment primarily targets the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the human PD-1 receptor and is an entirely human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), approved by the FDA for various cancers like advanced melanoma, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and advanced lung carcinoma. This review will summarise and discuss the recent literature on cardiotoxicity associated with nivolumab therapy.

Methods: We searched online databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase for articles related to Nivolumab.

Results: Cardiotoxicity with ICI use is most commonly represented as myocarditis. Patients present with complaints of shortness of breath, palpitations, edema, and fatigue. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, or broken heart syndrome, is characterized by systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle, mimicking a myocardial infarction but without associated coronary ischemia and with minimal elevation of cardiac enzymes. In the CHECKMATE-037 trial, ventricular arrhythmias occurred in <10% of those who received nivolumab. In a retrospective analysis of patients treated with ICI (predominantly nivolumab monotherapy) for lung cancer, 11% of the patients developed major adverse cardiac events, including myocarditis, non-ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia, and pericardial disorders.

Conclusion: Close collaboration between cardiology and oncology specialists is crucial for early detection and effective management of cardiac complications, enhancing the safety of nivolumab anticancer therapy.