Approach for extracellular vesicles in renal therapeutics: involvement of microRNAs.

Recently, special scientific efforts have been directed to investigate the role of small non-coding RNA (miRs) in different renal diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small secretory vesicles released from almost all mammalian cells. EVs-miRs cargo plays a significant role in regulating various aspects of the biological machinery of the recipient cells. EVs-miRs may play an essential role in promoting cellular regenerative functions. miRs contained within the EVs fractions are capable of preserving their function throughout their journey from the cell of origin to the host cells. The current review discusses the role of EVs-miRs in different renal diseases as a novel approach for managing particular renal injuries. We tried to simplify the possible modulatory impact of miRs at the ultrastructural cellular pathological signaling, demonstrating the hazardous and the beneficial subtypes based on the previous research work. Further investigations are still needed in this regard, as miRs may have dual effects, as EVs-miR-23a could attenuate renal fibrosis through activation of Akt and inhibition of FoxO1 signaling. Whereas, EVs-miR-23a was upregulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1a) in the hypoxic TECs and activated macrophages to accelerate the renal inflammatory cytokine storm and promote interstitial fibrosis.