Computational and Experimental Ballistic Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Carnauba Fibers: A Stand-Alone Target and Multilayered Armor System.

The development of efficient and sustainable armor systems is crucial for protecting bodies and vehicles. In this study, epoxy composites reinforced with natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) from carnauba () were produced with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% fiber volume fractions. Their ballistic performance was evaluated by measuring residual velocity and absorbed energy after impact with 7.62 mm ammunition, as well as their application in a multilayer armor system (MAS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze fracture regions, and explicit dynamic simulations were performed for comparison with experimental tests. Residual velocity tests indicated a limit velocity (V) between 213 and 233 m/s and absorbed energy (E) between 221 and 264 J, surpassing values reported for aramid fabric. All formulations showed indentation depths below the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) limit, with the 40% fiber sample achieving the lowest depth (31.2 mm). The simulation results correlated well with the experimental data, providing insight into deformation mechanisms during a level III ballistic event. These findings demonstrate the high potential of carnauba fibers in epoxy-based polymer composites, particularly as an intermediate layer in MAS, offering a sustainable alternative for ballistic protection.