Ultrastructure and Transcriptome Analysis of the Larval Integument in Solitary and Gregarious Phases of .

larvae exhibit both solitary and gregarious phases under low and high population density, respectively; furthermore, differences in morphology, behavior and physiology have been observed in the two phases. The integument plays an essential role in the fitness, general metabolism, communication, and survival of insects; however, differences in the integument ultrastructure and gene expression in the solitary and gregarious phases are largely unknown. In this study, the integument ultrastructure of larvae in the solitary and gregarious phases was compared, and transcriptome analysis was conducted to identify which genes were differentially expressed in the two phases. The results showed that the gregarious larvae had thicker integuments and more polygonal particles on the cuticle surface than solitary larvae. Using the Illumina HiSeq™ sequencing platform, 2774 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated. Among these, many transcripts were identified with roles in the synthesis of fatty acids; structural components of the integument and the insecticide detoxification were differentially expressed in the integument of the two larval phases. qRT-PCR was used to validate expression patterns of the selected transcripts. This study provides a valuable resource for understanding the molecular basis of behavioral and physiological differences in the two phases of .