Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly () Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds.

Aquafeed production is a fast-growing industry, seeking novel, cost-efficient raw materials to diversify traditional ingredients like fish meal and oil. Insects, particularly BSF larvae, convert by-products and waste into value-added biomass. In this study, by-products and co-products from two major fish-transforming industries in the Iberian Peninsula, i.e., tuna heads (THs) and codfish frames (CFs), hydrolysates of THs and CFs, and TH oils, were supplied to BSF larvae to improve their profile in -3 fatty acids (FAs), namely EPA and DHA, and their protein/amino acid content. By testing the replacement levels of a control diet with by-products and co-products, we evaluated the amount of -3 FA that could be added to BSF larval tissues. The results showed that high levels of a hydrolysed diet negatively impacted larval survival. In addition, parameters such as the moisture, protein content, and viscosity of the substrate affected bioconversion rates. Nevertheless, BSF fed with these diets contained high levels of lysine (5.8-8.4%, dry weight (DW)), methionine (1.5-2.4%, DW), and -3 FA (14.4% DW: EPA 6.7% and DHA 7.1%). These findings suggest that BSF can effectively convert fish by-products into a nutrient-rich biomass for aquafeeds, supporting the diversification of raw material sources and promoting a circular bioeconomy.