Guidelines for the use of lung ultrasound to optimise the management of neonatal respiratory distress: international expert consensus.

Background: Respiratory distress is the main reason for the admission of infants to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Rapid identification of the causes of respiratory distress and selection of appropriate and effective treatment strategies are important to optimise favourable short- and long-term patient outcomes. Lung ultrasound (LUS) technology has become increasingly important in this field. According to the scientific literature, LUS has high sensitivity (92-99%) and specificity (95-97%) in diagnosing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. This diagnostic power helps guide timely interventions, such as surfactant therapy and mechanical ventilation.

Methods: Our objective was to outline consensus guidelines among an international panel of experts on the use of LUS to support the decision-making process in managing respiratory distress in the NICU. We used a three-round Delphi process. In each Delphi round, 28 panellists rated their level of agreement with each statement using a four-point Likert scale.

Results: In round 1, the panellists reviewed 30 initially proposed statements. In rounds 2 and 3, the statements were redeveloped based on the reviewers' comments, leading to the final approval of 18 statements. Among the 18 consensus statements, grade A was assigned a value of 10, grade B was assigned a value of 7, and grade C was assigned a value of 1.

Conclusions: A panel of experts agreed on 18 statements regarding managing infants with respiratory distress. Using LUS may help design future interventional studies and improve the benchmarking of respiratory care outcomes.