Carbohydrate polymer-functionalized metal nanoparticles in cancer therapy: A review.

Metal nanoparticles have been emerged as promising candidates in cancer therapy because of their large surface area, optical properties and ROS generation. Therefore, these nanoparticles are able to mediate cell death through hyperthermia, photothermal therapy and ROS-triggered apoptosis. The various metal nanoparticles including gold, silver and iron oxide nanostructures have been exploited for the theranostic application. Moreover, precision oncology and off-targeting features can be improved by metal nanoparticles. The modification of metal nanoparticles with carbohydrate polymers including chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose, agarose, starch and pectin, among others can significantly improve their anti-cancer activities. Carbohydrate polymers have been idea for the purpose of drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and increasing nanoparticle stability. In addition, carbohydrate polymers are able to improve drug delivery, cellular uptake and sustained release of cargo. Such nanoparticles are capable of responding to the specific stimuli in the tumor microenvironment including pH and light. Furthermore, the carbohydrate polymer-modified metal nanoparticles can be utilized for the combination of chemotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy. Since the biocompatibility and long-term safety are critical factors for the clinical translation of nanoparticles, the modification of metal nanoparticles with carbohydrate polymers can improve this way to the application in clinic.