is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections in livestock and wildlife, such as in cattle, pigs, European bison and forest musk deer. Much of the successful infection of relies on its virulence factors, including pyolysin as well as adhesion factors. The swift rise of bacterial resistance has highlighted the urgent need for developing new therapeutic strategies. Currently, virulence factor-mediated vaccine development and other therapeutic approaches are widely regarded as the primary interventions for addressing diseases associated with this pathogen. This review examines the broader virulence potential of , focusing on haemolysin, host cell adhesion proteins, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and the development of vaccines mediated by virulence factors. Additionally, it discusses current and future approaches aimed at improving therapeutic interventions.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2025.2467161 | DOI Listing |
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