Innovative electrochemical sensor design for carcinogenic antioxidant detection: Bimetallic phosphate nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets.

Synthetic antioxidants play a vital role in various industries by preventing oxidative degradation and extending product shelf life. However, their extensive use raises concerns due to potential health risks and environmental impact. Among these, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is widely used but can pose toxicity and allergenic risks when consumed in excess. Accurate and sensitive detection of TBHQ is crucial for ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. In this study, we developed an advanced electrochemical sensor for TBHQ detection, utilizing a nanocomposite of bimetallic phosphate nanoparticles (NiMn(PO)) integrated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The material was characterized using various techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, which confirmed the structural integrity and compositional synergy of the composite. Electrochemical analyses, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, demonstrated the sensor's excellent performance, characterized by low charge transfer resistance (61 Ω) and an enhanced peak current response. These improvements were attributed to the abundant active sites of the NMP and the superior electron transfer capabilities of rGO. The sensor exhibited remarkable analytical capabilities, with a wide linear detection range from 0.01 to 340 μM and an ultra-low detection limit of 0.006 μM. The practical applicability of the sensor was confirmed through its successful detection of TBHQ in real food samples, including cow milk and coconut oil, with recovery rates ranging from 96.6 % to 99.2 %, ensuring both reliability and accuracy. These results demonstrate the potential of the NMP/rGO composite as a highly efficient and reliable electrochemical platform for monitoring synthetic antioxidants in food products.