Profiles of gut microbiota and metabolites for high risk of transgenerational depression-like behavior by paternal methamphetamine exposure.

Parental substance abuse increases the risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders in offsprings. However, its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Our previous study demonstrated that long-term exposure to methamphetamine (Meth), a psychostimulant drug with high addiction potential, remarkably alters the gut microbiome and metabolites in male mice, which contribute to Meth-induced anxiety-like behaviors. The current study aimed to investigate whether gut microbiota and metabolism serve as potential peripheral targets for transgenerational mental problems by paternal Meth exposure. We found that paternal Meth exposure induced depression-like behaviors both in the first (F1) and the second (F2) generations of male mice. Further, the depletion of gut bacteria through antibiotic treatments normalized the depression-like behaviors to normal levels in both F1 and F2 male mice. Then, alterations in gut bacterial composition were observed in both F1 and F2 male mice. Specifically, Eubacterium_ruminantium_group, Enterorhabdus, Alloprevotella, and Parabacteroides were the commonly affected bacterial taxa in F1 and F2 male mice. In addition, the results of alterations in gut metabolism showed that LPC 14:1-SN1 emerged as the consistently altered metabolite in the colons of F1 and F2 male mice. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that paternal Meth exposure enhances depression-like behaviors in F1 and F2 male mice, potentially mediated by the gut microbiome and metabolism.