Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 197
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 197
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 271
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1057
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3175
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy have one of the lesser known and yet highly debated relationships in neuropsychiatry. Similar to anxiety and depression, ADHD has a bidirectional relationship with epilepsy, in which individuals with epilepsy are more likely than the general population to have ADHD and vice versa. Most importantly, an untreated psychiatric condition can affect quality of life. Although the management of ADHD in PWE has been debated due to perceived seizure risk related to ADHD medications, a consensus has developed based on early pediatric studies that support the treatment of ADHD. However, the management of adults with ADHD, particularly in PWE, remains relatively unexplored. This critical gap in knowledge will be addressed using an illustrative case study followed by practical tips on the identification and pharmacologic management of ADHD in adults with epilepsy. The management of ADHD in PWE should begin with a thorough history, medication assessment for cognitive risk, and the addition of a brief ADHD screening tool, such as the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Treatment with stimulants, such as methylphenidate, and non-stimulants, such as atomoxetine, are effective. Caution, however, should be taken for any patients with history of bipolar disorder, as some ADHD medications may exacerbate symptoms of other psychiatric conditions. Patients can also be referred to psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for ADHD, in addition to or in lieu of medications, thus further minimizing potential pharmacological risk. Patients who have tried and failed multiple ADHD medications and/or who carry a more complex psychiatric history should be referred to a psychiatrist.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11804780 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100739 | DOI Listing |
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