The combined effects of ethinyl estradiol (EE) (0.5 micrograms/g s.c. once daily for 4 days) and tetracycline (TC) or doxycycline (DC) (50 micrograms/g i.v.) on liver weight and water content, serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, urea, triglycerides, and cholesterol as parameters of various liver functions were investigated in mice. It became apparent that depending on the parameter tested synergistic and antagonistic effects may occur, e.g., synergistic effects were observed with the serum transaminases and liver cholesterol; antagonistic effects were seen with the serum urea and serum cholesterol.
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Estrogens are key hormones that play a vital role in the physiology of the reproductive system in women. However, their therapeutic use in hormonal treatment, contraception, and the treatment of hormone-dependent diseases may be associated with a number of side effects, especially on the liver. This article focuses on the mechanisms of action of estrogens and their potential hepatotoxic effects, as well as risk factors and possible differences between representatives.
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Endocrine
December 2024
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, Kartal, Istanbul, Turkey.
Objectives: The relationship between elevated ferritin levels and metabolic abnormalities in PCOS patients, and whether ferritin is a cause or a consequence, is still debated. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the fourth generation combined oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol/drospirenone (EE 30 mcg/DRSP 3 mg), known for its favorable metabolic profile and lower side effect risk, on iron metabolism in PCOS patients, while also exploring the potential relationship between metabolic parameters and iron status.
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View Article and Find Full Text PDFOral administration of ethinyl estradiol and the brain-selective estrogen prodrug DHED in a female common marmoset model of menopause: Effects on cognition, thermoregulation, and sleep.
Horm Behav
December 2024
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America.
Menopausal symptoms of sleep disturbances, cognitive deficits, and hot flashes are understudied, in part due to the lack of animal models in which they co-occur. Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are valuable nonhuman primates for studying these symptoms, and we examined changes in cognition (reversal learning), sleep (48 h/wk of sleep recorded by telemetry), and thermoregulation (nose temperature in response to mild external warming) in middle-aged, surgically-induced menopausal marmosets studied at baseline, during 3-week phases of ethinyl estradiol (EE, 4 μg/kg/day, p.o.
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