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Observations on the blink reflex.
Eur Neurol
April 2008
Emeritus Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK.
The blink reflex and its equivalent glabella tap reflex are behavioural motor responses normally found in neonates and in the physiological startle reflex. Historically, it was described by Overend in 1896 and soon afterwards by McCarthy and by Bekhterev who disputed its origins. Kugelberg in 1952 recorded the early-latency R1 and the late-latency R2 electromyographic responses from orbicularis oculi and considered the blink reflex to be 'a true skin reflex'.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHyperekplexia and stiff-man syndrome: abnormal brainstem reflexes suggest a physiological relationship.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
September 2004
Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Background And Objectives: Hyperekplexia and the stiff-man syndrome (SMS) are both conditions with exaggerated startle suggesting abnormal brainstem function. Investigation of brainstem reflexes may provide insight into disturbed reflex excitation and inhibition underlying these movement disorders.
Patients And Methods: Using four-channel EMG, we examined four trigeminal brainstem reflexes (monosynaptic masseter, masseter inhibitory, glabella, and orbicularis oculi blink reflexes) and their spread into pericranial muscles in five patients with familial hyperekplexia (FH), two with acquired hyperekplexia (AH), 10 with SMS, and 15 healthy control subjects.
Comparison of reflex modification procedures and auditory brainstem response in high-risk neonates.
Dev Med Child Neurol
February 1991
Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
This study compared the results of reflex modification (RM)--an objective technique for assessing brainstem sensorineural processing--with those of auditory brainstem response (ABR) for a group of high-risk infants at comparable postconceptional ages. For the RM procedure, an eyeblink-eliciting tap to the glabella was presented either alone or accompanied by a brief 90dB SPL tone. 37 high-risk infants were tested with both RM and ABR at a mean postconceptional age of 37.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEffect of in utero cocaine exposure on startle and its modification.
Dev Pharmacol Ther
July 1989
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
The effect of prenatal cocaine on acoustic sensorineural reactivity was assessed using reflex modification procedures in infants born to mothers with cocaine abuse (C-exposed). Reflex modification was tested using a controlled eyeblink-eliciting tap to the glabella presented either alone or with a 90-dB SPL tone. The results from 19 C-exposed infants were compared to 19 healthy matched drug-free infants.
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