Enhancing retrieval capacity of the predictive brain through dorsolateral prefrontal cortex intervention.

Extracting spatial or temporal patterns across experiences is essential for skill acquisition and predictive processes. The prefrontal cortex plays a central role in regulating competitive cognitive systems, with a particular influence on executive functions, often opposing statistical learning. This regulatory function may account for observed improvements in the acquisition and consolidation of statistical regularities following inhibition of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex via repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. However, whether access to previously acquired statistical knowledge can similarly benefit from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibition remains unclear. This preregistered study investigated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex's role in retrieving pre-existing statistical knowledge of temporal regularities. Healthy human participants engaged in an implicit probabilistic sequence learning task followed by a 24-h consolidation period. Before retesting, they received either 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or sham stimulation over the left, right, or bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 10 min. We observed that retrieval of statistical regularities was enhanced in the Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex group compared to the Sham group. Our findings suggest that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibition may facilitate access to statistical knowledge, particularly when interhemispheric compensatory mechanisms are limited. These insights advance our understanding of the dynamic neural background of statistical learning and may inform strategies for cognitive enhancement.