Revealing the chemical compatibility of common solvents and electrolytes with MoTiC-based MXenes and their interfaces in aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) through first-principles molecular dynamics simulations.

Using the first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and CI-NEB calculations, we performed a systematic and comprehensive investigation on the chemical compatibility of various solvents (carbonate esters, aromatic solvents, ethers, carboxylic esters, water, DMSO and ionic liquids) and electrolytes (DMC-Al(OTF), DME-Al(OTF), GBL-Al(OTF), HO-Al(SO), DMSO-Al(OTF), [EMIm]Cl-[AlCl] and urea-AlCl) with MoTiC-based MXenes, evaluating their possible use as solvents, additives and electrolytes in aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs). Among the investigated solvents, carbonate ester (DMC), chain ether (DME), aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene), chain carboxylic ester (GBL), DMSO, ionic liquids ([EMIm]Cl, [DMPI]Cl and [BMP]Cl) and urea showed very low reactivity towards both bare MoTiC and Al-terminated structures (MoTiCAl and MoTiCAl monolayers), indicating their excellent chemical compatibility between these solvents and the MXene cathode. Besides the MoTiC monolayer, a relatively low chemical reactivity was predicted for Al-terminated MXenes after their contact with almost all the solvents considered in this work, even with the relatively more reactive carbonate esters (PC and EC) and ethers (G2 and THF). The electrolytes DMC-Al(OTF) and ionic liquid ([EMIm]Cl-AlCl) exhibited high chemical compatibility with MoTiC-based MXenes and exhibited promising electrochemical reactivity at the interface between the electrolyte and electrode. Alternatively, either the decomposition of the electrolyte components or the low electrochemical reactivity of Al was observed in other electrolyte systems (DME-Al(OTF), GBL-Al(OTF), HO-Al(SO), DMSO-Al(OTF) and urea-AlCl), indicating poor reversibility and cyclic performance of AIBs.