Background: Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that ambient concentrations of particulate matter < 2.5 μm (PM) are associated with reduced fecundability, the per cycle probability of conception. The specific constituents driving this association are unknown.
Objectives: We examined the association between ambient concentrations of PM constituents and fecundability in a Danish preconception cohort study.
Methods: During 2007-2018, we enrolled female pregnancy planners in an Internet-based preconception cohort study. We included the 5905 participants who had been trying to conceive for < 3 cycles at study enrollment. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire and follow-up questionnaires every 8 weeks to update pregnancy status. We geocoded time-varying residential addresses to estimate ambient concentrations of total PM and the following PM constituents: elemental carbon (EC), primary organic aerosol (POA), secondary organic aerosols (SOA), sulfate (SO ), ammonium (NH ), nitrate (NO ), and sea salt. We averaged concentrations of each pollutant across each menstrual cycle at risk. We fit proportional probabilities regression models to estimate fecundability ratios (FR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for potential confounders and co-pollutants.
Results: Total PM concentrations were associated with reduced fecundability (the FR for an IQR increase, corresponding to 3.2 μg/m, was 0.93 [95% CI 0.87, 0.99]). The association was strongest for POA: the FR for an IQR increase, corresponding to 1.3 μg/m, was 0.92 (95% CI 0.84, 1.01). The corresponding FRs for the remaining PM constituents were 0.96 (95% CI 0.87, 1.05) for EC (IQR = 0.5 μg/m), 0.98 (95% CI 0.91, 1.06) for SOA (IQR = 0.5), 0.97 (95% CI 0.92, 1.02) for SO (IQR = 0.4), 0.95 (95% CI 0.91, 1.01) for NH (IQR = 0.5), 0.97 (95% CI 0.93, 1.01) for NO (IQR = 1.0), and 1.00 (95% CI 0.95, 1.06) for sea salt (IQR = 0.4).
Conclusions: In this Danish preconception cohort study, PM constituents derived from biomass and transportation-related combustion may drive the association between PM concentrations and fecundability.
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