Effectiveness of Video Teletherapy in Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents With Exposure and Response Prevention: Retrospective Longitudinal Observational Study.

Background: An effective primary treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents as well as adults is exposure and response prevention (ERP), a form of intervention in the context of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Despite strong evidence supporting the efficacy and effectiveness of ERP from studies in research and real-world settings, its clinical use remains limited. This underuse is often attributed to access barriers such as the scarcity of properly trained therapists, geographical constraints, and costs. Some of these barriers may be addressed with virtual behavioral health, providing ERP for OCD through video teletherapy and supplemented by app-based therapeutic tools and messaging support between sessions. Studies of teletherapy ERP in adults with OCD have shown benefits in research and real-world settings in both small and large samples. However, studies of teletherapy ERP in children and adolescents thus far have been in small samples and limited to research rather than real-world settings.

Objective: This study reports on the real-world effectiveness of teletherapy ERP for OCD in the largest sample (N=2173) of child and adolescent patients to date.

Methods: Children and adolescents with OCD were treated with live, face-to-face video teletherapy sessions, with parent or caregiver involvement, using ERP. Assessments were conducted at baseline, after 7-11 weeks, and after 13-17 weeks. Additionally, longitudinal assessments of OCD symptoms were performed at weeks 18-30, 31-42, and 43-54. We analyzed longitudinal outcomes of OCD symptoms, depression, anxiety, and stress using linear mixed models.

Results: Treatment resulted in a median 38.46% (IQR 12.50%-64.00%) decrease in OCD symptoms at 13-17 weeks, and 53.4% of youth met full response criteria at this point. Improvements were observed in all categories of starting symptom severity: mild (median 40.3%, IQR 8.5%-79.8%), moderate (median 38.4%, IQR 13.3%-63.6%), and severe (median 34.1%, IQR 6.6%-58.5%). In addition, there were significant reductions in the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. The median amount of therapist involvement was 13 (IQR 10.0-16.0) appointments and 11.5 (IQR 9.0-15.0) hours. Further, symptom improvements were maintained or improved upon in the longitudinal assessment periods of weeks 18-30, 31-42, and 43-54.

Conclusions: These results show that remote ERP treatment, assisted by technology, can effectively improve both core OCD and related depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in children and adolescents with OCD in a real-world setting. Notable outcomes were achieved in a relatively small amount of therapist time, demonstrating its efficiency. Demonstrating the usefulness of a delivery format that overcomes several traditional barriers to treatment, these findings have implications for widespread dissemination of accessible, evidence-based care for children and adolescents with OCD.