According to epidemiological studies, diabetes is more common in patients with AD, which suggests that diabetes is a significant risk factor for AD. Accelerating brain cell degeneration, worsening cognitive decline, and increasing susceptibility to AD can be attributed to pathogenic mechanisms linked to diabetes, such as impaired insulin signaling in the brain, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and vascular impairment. These factors can also lead to the accumulation of β-amyloid and tau protein phosphorylation. New research suggests that certain drugs used to manage diabetes have different levels of effectiveness in treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease. Exercise has numerous advantages, including the reduction of neuroinflammation, alleviation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, improvement of endothelial and cerebrovascular function, stimulation of neurogenesis, and prevention of pathological changes associated with diabetes-related Alzheimer's disease through various internal mechanisms. This study examined the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in relation to diabetes, evaluated the ability of specific antidiabetic drugs to prevent and treat AD, and investigated the impacts and underlying processes of exercise interventions in improving AD treatment for individuals with diabetes.
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