, a common pathogen, is capable of producing a significant array of toxins and can develop biofilms or small colony variants (SCVs) to evade detection by the immune system and resist the effects of antibiotics. Its ability to persist for extended periods within host cells has led to increased research interest. This review examines the process of internalization of , highlighting the impact of its toxins and adhesion factors on host cells. It elucidates the intricate interactions between them and the host cellular environment, thereby offering potential strategies for the treatment and prevention of infections.
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