Role of digital technology in epidemic control: a scoping review on COVID-19 and Ebola.

Objective: To synthesise the role of digital technologies in epidemic control and prevention, focussing on Ebola and COVID-19.

Design: A scoping review.

Data Sources: A systematic search was done on PubMed, HINARI, Web of Science, Google Scholar and a direct Google search until 10 September 2024.

Eligibility Criteria: We included all qualitative and quantitative studies, conference papers or abstracts, anonymous reports, editorial reports and viewpoints published in English.

Data Extraction And Synthesis: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist was used to select the included study. Data analysis was performed using Gale's framework thematic analysis method, resulting in the identification of key themes.

Results: A total of 64 articles that examined the role of digital technology in the Ebola and COVID-19 pandemics were included in the final review. Five main themes emerged: digital epidemiological surveillance (using data visualisation tools and online sources for early disease detection), rapid case identification, community transmission prevention (via digital contact tracing and assessing interventions with mobility data), public education messages and clinical care. The identified barriers encompassed legal, ethical and privacy concerns, as well as organisational and workforce challenges.

Conclusion: Digital technologies have proven good for disease prevention and control during pandemics. While the adoption of these technologies has lagged in public health compared with other sectors, tools such as artificial intelligence, telehealth, wearable devices and data analytics offer significant potential to enhance epidemic responses. However, barriers to widespread implementation remain, and investments in digital infrastructure, training and strong data protection are needed to build trust among users. Future efforts should focus on integrating digital solutions into health systems, ensuring equitable access and addressing ethical concerns. As public health increasingly embraces digital innovations, collaboration among stakeholders will be crucial for effective pandemic preparedness and management.