Supporting vision-language model few-shot inference with confounder-pruned knowledge prompt.

Vision-language models are pre-trained by aligning image-text pairs in a common space to deal with open-set visual concepts. Recent works adopt fixed or learnable prompts, i.e., classification weights are synthesized from natural language descriptions of task-relevant categories, to reduce the gap between tasks during the pre-training and inference phases. However, how and what prompts can improve inference performance remains unclear. In this paper, we explicitly clarify the importance of incorporating semantic information into prompts, while existing prompting methods generate prompts without sufficiently exploring the semantic information of textual labels. Manually constructing prompts with rich semantics requires domain expertise and is extremely time-consuming. To cope with this issue, we propose a knowledge-aware prompt learning method, namely Confounder-pruned Knowledge Prompt (CPKP), which retrieves an ontology knowledge graph by treating the textual label as a query to extract task-relevant semantic information. CPKP further introduces a double-tier confounder-pruning procedure to refine the derived semantic information. Adhering to the individual causal effect principle, the graph-tier confounders are gradually identified and phased out. The feature-tier confounders are eliminated by following the maximum entropy principle in information theory. Empirically, the evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of CPKP in few-shot inference, e.g., with only two shots, CPKP outperforms the manual-prompt method by 4.64% and the learnable-prompt method by 1.09% on average.