Epigenome-wide association study of objectively measured physical activity in peripheral blood leukocytes.

Background: Few studies have explored the association between DNA methylation and physical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of objectively measured hours of sedentary behavior (SB) and moderate physical activity (MPA) with DNA methylation. We further aimed to explore the association between SB or MPA related CpG sites and cardiometabolic traits, gene expression, and genetic variation.

Results: For discovery, we performed cross sectional analyses in pregnant women from the Epigenetics in pregnancy (EPIPREG) sample with both DNA methylation (Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip) and objectively measured physical activity data (SenseWear™ Pro 3 armband) (European = 244, South Asian = 109). For EWAS of SB and MPA, two main models were designed: model (1) a linear mixed model adjusted for age, smoking, blood cell composition, including ancestry as random intercept, and model (2) which was additionally adjusted for the total number of steps per day. In model 1, we did not identify any CpG sites associated with neither SB nor MPA. In model 2, SB was positively associated (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) with two CpG sites within the VSX1 gene. Both CpG sites were positively associated with BMI and were associated with several genetic variants in cis. MPA was associated with 122 significant CpG sites at FDR < 0.05 (model 2). We further analyzed the ten most statistically significant MPA related CpG sites and found that they presented opposite associations with sedentary behavior and BMI. We were not able to replicate the SB and MPA-related CpG sites in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). ALSPAC had available objectively measured physical activity data from Actigraph (without steps/day available) and leucocyte DNA methylation data collected during adolescence (n = 408, European).

Conclusion: This study suggests associations of objectively measured SB and MPA with maternal DNA methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes, that needs to be confirmed in larger samples of similar study design.