The role of nanoparticles in transforming plant genetic engineering: advancements, challenges and future prospects.

Despite years of progress in biotechnology, altering the genetic makeup of many plant species, especially their plastids, remains challenging. The existence of a cell wall poses a significant obstacle to the effectual transportation of biomolecules. Developing efficient methods to introduce genes into plant cells and organelles without causing harm is an ongoing area of research. Traditional approaches like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic particle delivery, electroporation and polyethylene glycol (PEG) transformation have shown some success but come with limitations like laborious, time-consuming and causing tissue damage. For instance, the Agrobacterium method can be applied only to the restricted host range, while PEG transformation and biolistic particle delivery are not very efficient. In contrast, nanotechnology made an appearance in the field of genetic engineering. Nanoparticles act as delivery vehicles for many cargos in animals. However, in plants, the application of nanocarriers for the delivery of biomolecules is still in its infant stage. Nonetheless, it holds immense potential for the future of plant biotechnology and genome editing.