Metabolic Engineering of Yeast.

Microbial cell factories have been developed to produce various compounds in a sustainable and economically viable manner. The yeast has been used as a platform cell factory in industrial biotechnology with numerous advantages, including ease of operation, rapid growth, and tolerance for various industrial stressors. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic models have accelerated the design-build-test-learn cycle in metabolic engineering, significantly facilitating the development of yeast strains with complex phenotypes, including the redirection of metabolic fluxes to desired products, the expansion of the spectrum of usable substrates, and the improvement of the physiological properties of strain. Strains with enhanced titer, rate, and yield are now competing with traditional petroleum-based industrial approaches. This review highlights recent advances and perspectives in the metabolic engineering of yeasts for the production of a variety of compounds, including fuels, chemicals, proteins, and peptides, as well as advancements in synthetic biology tools and mathematical modeling.