Sorption isotherms for gases and liquids have long been formulated separately. There is a fundamental problem with this approach: the popular isotherm models (such as Langmuir, BET, and GAB) for gases cannot be applied straightforwardly to sorption from solution. This contrasts with the theory of liquid solutions, where solute-solute interaction, mediated by the solvent, is captured as the potential of mean force, providing powerful interpretive tools (e.g., virial expansion) founded on the gas-liquid analogy. This analogy will be extended to sorption by adopting sorbate numbers and their fluctuations as the common foundation. This enables the gas and liquid isotherm equations to have an analogous mathematical form with a universal language for interfaces and liquid solutions.
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