anthelmintic activity of Linn., , Roxb., and Roxb. ethanol extracts on the motility and cuticle damage of .

Background And Aim: , a nematode that frequently infects the digestive tract of chickens, is a significant concern for poultry health. In response, the use of medicinal plant-derived anthelmintics was proposed as a potential solution. This study observed the effectiveness of a single, graded dose of the ethanol extract of , L., Roxb., Roxb. on the movement activity of adult every hour for 6 h, followed by an analysis of worm cuticle damage in .

Materials And Methods: A randomized block design was used. Adult were collected from the intestinal lumen of fresh free-range chickens. Each petri dish contained two for each treatment with three replications. Each plant extract ( L., Roxb., and Roxb.) was evaluated with three distinct doses, which were 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL; 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used as a negative control, and 500 μg/mL Albendazole solution was used as a positive control. The active compound content of , L., Roxb., and Roxb. extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The movement activity of . was determined by the percentage score value from the 1 to the 6 h in each treatment group, followed by analysis of damage to the cuticle layer using a nano-microscope and histopathological images.

Results: Analysis of variance demonstrated that at doses of 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, the ethanol extracts of , L., Roxb., and Roxb. did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of 's (>0.005). However, at a dose of 1000 μg/mL, the ethanol extract of , L., Roxb., and Roxb. reduced the motility of . Importantly, the motility of in the dose of 1000 μg/mL and L. extract groups was very weak and significantly different (p < 0.001) compared to the negative control group. The content of the active compound Andrographolide in the ethanol extract of and the active compound 5-Methoxybenzimidazole in the extract of L. are strongly suspected to play an important role in damaging and shedding the cuticle layer of . .

Conclusion: All herbal extracts have anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. Extracts of , L., Roxb., and Roxb. have activities that can damage and dissolve the cuticle layer of . , resulting in the weakening of the motility of .