Land use and cover changes and sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) assemblages in an emerging focus of leishmaniasis.

Land use and cover changes lead to fragmentation of the natural habitats of sand flies and modify the epidemiological profile of leishmaniasis. This process contributes to the infestation of adjacent rural settlements by vector sand fly species with different degrees of adaptation, promoting leishmaniasis outbreaks. This study aimed to assess land use and cover changes over a 12-year period and investigate the diversity and abundance of sand fly assemblages in the rural area of Codó, Maranhão State, Brazil. Temporal analysis of land use and cover changes was conducted using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery treated in QGIS software (free version 3.10) and classified using Orfeo Toolbox. Sand flies were sampled in alternate months between August 2022 and June 2023 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and white and black Shannon traps installed in peridomestic and extradomestic environments. Map images showed that the predominant land covers in 2012 and 2014 were dense and sparse vegetation, with few buildings. In 2021 and 2023, areas of sparse and dense vegetation were fragmented as new settlements were established. The entomological survey resulted in the capture of 3375 sand flies (CDC = 856, white Shannon = 650, black Shannon = 1969) belonging to 20 species. The most abundant species were Psychodopygus wellcomei Fraiha, Shaw & Lainson, 1971 (78.19%), followed by Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) (7.53%). Additionally, Ny. whitmani was the most abundant species (84.97%) in peridomestic environments, whereas Ps. wellcomei was the most abundant species (96.51%) in extradomestic environments. The sand fly assemblage was highly diverse, with a high abundance of competent vectors of Leishmania spp. These findings can promote community participation in surveillance and control efforts to prevent leishmaniasis cases.