Integrated GelMA and liposome composite hydrogel with effective coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis for promoting bone regeneration.

In clinical scenarios, bone defects stemming from trauma, infections, degenerative diseases, or hereditary conditions necessitate considerable bone grafts. Researchers ardently focus on creating diverse biomaterials to expedite and enhance these intricate restorative processes. These biomaterials play a pivotal role in aiding osteogenesis and angiogenesis factors for reconstructing stable, fully developed bone tissue. We observed the utilization of Desferoxamine (DFO) facilitated angiogenesis, thereby enabling Kartogenin (KGN) to activate the β-catenin/Runx-2 pathway. Our study introduces a composite hydrogel loaded with KGN and DFO via liposomes to enhance the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Within this composite hydrogel system, KGN and DFO undergo effective release. This controlled release substantially promotes a conducive microenvironment for angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Our in vitro studies provide compelling evidence of the synergistic impact between KGN and DFO on osteogenic processes. Moreover, the composite hydrogel exhibits the capability to enhance the expression of proteins and genes associated with both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. In rat skull defect model, the composite hydrogel notably stimulates vascularization and osteogenic differentiation without infection or mortality. In summary, results underscore the potential of this composite hydrogel as an alternative to autografts for bone defect repair, offering a promising approach for future clinical and regenerative applications.