Microplastic migration and transformation pathways and exposure health risks.

Plastics play a crucial role in modern life, but improper use and disposal have resulted in microplastics becoming widespread in the environment, raising significant concerns about both the environment and human health. Extensive research has explored the transformation mechanisms, bioaccumulation, ecological impacts, and health risks associated with microplastics. The present review first analyzes the migration, transformation, and degradation pathways of microplastics on a global scale, and then synthesizes current knowledge on the types, sources, and migration pathways of microplastics in soil, atmosphere, and aquatic environments, emphasizing transformation mechanisms like photo-aging and microbial degradation, and detailing their ecological and human health impacts. Additionally, this review examines gaps in current research and identifies critical areas needing further study, such as key control points in microplastic degradation processes and the mechanisms underlying health risks to populations. The aim is to provide a comprehensive reference for advancing microplastic pollution control, ecological protection efforts, and health risk assessment frameworks.