Investigating macro marine litter and beach cleanliness along Southern Vietnam beaches.

Plastic contamination is a major issue for marine ecosystems, with macro-litter posing a growing threat globally. This study assesses macro-marine litter on Vung Tau beaches, Southern Vietnam, providing baseline data for marine litter pollution and identifying critical action plans for plastic control. Survey results showed litter density ranging from 0.1768 to 0.4464 items m across twelve sites. Using the Clean Coast Index (CCI), 16.7 % of beaches were rated as "Clean" and 83.3 % as "Moderate," while the Plastic Abundance Index (PAI) revealed 91.7 % of sites had "Moderate" plastic levels. Human activities, such as tourism and insufficient waste management, were key contributors. Addressing this issue requires raising awareness, promoting behavioural change and tourist perceptions, and enhancing waste management efforts. Prioritizing marine protection programs is crucial for effectively eliminating marine litter and plastic waste.