[Diagnostic algorithm and key differential diagnoses of hematuria].

The different causes of hematuria depend largely on age, gender and clinical context. Macrohematuria should always be investigated using cystoscopy and advanced imaging (CT/MRI with urographic phase). The most common differential diagnoses of macrohematuria include urinary tract infection, stones and urothelial carcinoma. A urological emergency is defined as macrohematuria with blood clot, urinary retention and new vegetative symptoms.