Comparative effects of biocontrol agent and pathogen on : insights into fungal-plant interactions.

Tobacco () black shank disease, caused by , is a significant threat to tobacco crops, leading to severe economic losses. Prolonged use of agrochemicals to control this disease has prompted the exploration of eco-friendly biological control strategies. This study investigated the effects of , a biocontrol agent, on in comparison to , focusing on growth, biomass, root morphology and anatomy, hormonal changes, and osmotic regulation. significantly enhanced plant growth, biomass accumulation, root system development, and physiological attributes such as photosynthetic pigment levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. In contrast, negatively impacted these parameters, inhibiting growth and physiological function. Notably, increased proline content and enhanced induced resistance mechanisms, mitigating stress and promoting overall plant health. These findings highlight the potential of as a sustainable solution for managing black shank disease while improving tobacco crop productivity.