Advances in micro- and nano- delivery systems for increasing the stability, bioavailability and bioactivity of coenzyme Q.

Coenzyme Q acts as a liposoluble quinone compound in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, serving as an electron carrier and protecting the cell membrane structure as an antioxidant. Coenzyme Q has notable health benefits, including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, prevention of cardiovascular diseases, and assistance in cancer treatment. However, its poor water solubility, unstable chemical properties, and low bioavailability significantly limit its application. This article reviewed the design and development processes of various delivery systems for coenzyme Q, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different delivery systems and their improvement strategies, including improvements in the stability and accessibility of emulsions, achieving higher penetration rates for oleogels, and reducing the use of toxic substances in the production process of liposomes. The mechanisms behind coenzyme Q's low stability and bioavailability were analyzed, and the bioactivity and research prospects of coenzyme Q were also discussed. In summary, this review offered valuable insights into the design and application of delivery systems for coenzyme Q, which may provide a reference for its development and application in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, health products, and other industries in the future.