Military influences on the evolution of clinical trials throughout history.

Clinical trials of drugs, procedures, and other therapies play a crucial role in advancing medical science by evaluating the safety, efficacy, and optimal use of medical interventions. The design and implementation of these trials have evolved significantly over time, reflecting advancements in medicine, ethics, and methodology. Early historical examples, such as King Nebuchadnezzar II's and his captives' dietary experiment and Ambroise Paré's treatment of gunshot wounds, laid some foundational principles of trial design. The momentum of clinical trial development increased notably with James Lind's 1747 trial for scurvy and continued to progress during World War I with innovations in blood transfusion techniques. World War II (WWII) marked a pivotal moment with breakthroughs in oncology, including the development of the first modern chemotherapeutic agents derived from mustard gas and the introduction of the randomized controlled trial, credited to British epidemiologist Austin Bradford Hill, which revolutionized trial design. More recent conflicts, such as those in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan, have driven advancements in trauma care, heroin addiction treatment, and hemorrhage management. In response to historical abuses committed by the Nazis during WWII, the evolution of clinical trials has increasingly emphasized ethical standards, particularly informed consent, starting with the Doctors' Trial and the Nuremberg Code. This article discusses how military needs and wartime innovations have shaped modern clinical research, highlighting the interplay between military imperatives and medical progress. Ultimately, clinical trials play an essential role in advancing medical science and improving patient outcomes.