Sustainable remediation of abandoned coal mines using vermicompost: a case study in Ledo coal mine, India.

Coal mining in India, especially open-cast mining, substantially strengthens the economy while concurrently causing environmental deterioration, such as soil pollution with toxic chemicals and heavy metals. This study sought to examine the efficacy of vermicompost as a remediation technique for Mine Tailing Soil (MTS) in the Ledo Coal Fields. During a 120-day duration, different concentrations of vermicompost (20%, 30%, and 40%) were administered to MTS, and the impacts on soil physicochemical parameters, fertility, and plant growth were evaluated. The findings indicated substantial enhancements in soil fertility, encompassing increased nutrient availability, improved water retention, and diminished bulk density. Plant species, including Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum lycopersicum, and Delonix regia, showed substantial growth when subjected to 20% and 30% vermicompost amendments, with the 30% treatment producing the most remarkable outcomes. Furthermore, Risk Assessment Code values for soils amended with 20%, 30%, and 40% vermicompost were markedly diminished, reducing the bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals. The data indicate that vermicompost is an efficient and sustainable method for remediating MTS, alleviating heavy metal contamination, and enhancing plant development, thus addressing the environmental hazards of coal mining.