Background: Computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used for evaluating children with acute atraumatic altered mental status (AMS) despite concerns about radiation exposure and limited diagnostic yield. This study aims to assess the efficacy of CT scans in this population and provide evidence-based recommendations.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies involving pediatric patients with acute atraumatic AMS undergoing head CT scans. Two independent reviewers conducted the literature search, extracted data, and assessed study quality.
Results: From 4,739 identified studies, 13 met the inclusion criteria. The overall positive diagnostic yield of head CT scans was 35.9% (95% CI: 6.1%-65.7%). Subgroup analyses revealed that the diagnostic yield varied by clinical setting, age group, and presenting symptoms.
Conclusion: Head CT scans are frequently performed in pediatric patients with AMS, but their diagnostic usefulness is limited. Evidence-based guidelines and risk stratification methods are necessary to improve imaging utilization and minimize radiation exposure risks. What is Known • Computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to evaluate pediatric patients with acute atraumatic altered mental status (AMS). • There are concerns about radiation exposure from CT scans, especially in children due to their increased sensitivity and longer life expectancy. • Previous studies suggest a low diagnostic yield of CT scans in certain pediatric conditions, indicating potential overuse. What is New • This systematic review and meta-analysis specifically assess the diagnostic value of CT scans in pediatric patients with acute atraumatic AMS. • Findings reveal a relatively low positive diagnostic yield, indicating that CT scans may be overutilized in this population. • Subgroup analyses highlight variability in outcomes based on clinical setting, patient age, and presenting symptoms. • The study underscores the need for evidence-based guidelines and risk stratification tools to optimize imaging decisions and reduce unnecessary radiation exposure in children.
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