Respectful Maternity Care in the United States: A Scoping Review of the Research and Birthing People's Experiences.

Introduction: Birthing people around the world experience mistreatment during labor and birth, contributing to adverse maternal health outcomes. The adoption of respectful maternity care (RMC) has been recommended to address this mistreatment and improve care quality. Most RMC and mistreatment research has been conducted internationally. The purpose of this scoping review was to (1) explore the extent of RMC research and (2) describe labor and birth experiences in the United States.

Methods: Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched for concepts relating to RMC and mistreatment. A total of 66 studies met review inclusion criteria. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. Data were extracted and categorized using the Bohren et al typology of mistreatment. Summary statistics and narrative summaries were used to describe study characteristics and birthing people's experiences.

Results: Most studies represented national or urban samples and Western or Northeastern US regions. Few were from the South, and only one represented rural participants specifically. Few studies represented the unique experiences of justice-involved birthing people, and none represented sexual and gender minorities or Indigenous people. Qualitative methods were predominant. The most common forms of mistreatment included (1) poor rapport between women and health care providers (88% of studies), (2) stigma and discrimination (79%), and (3) a failure to meet professional standards of care (73%).

Discussion: The extent of mistreatment in the United States highlights the need for robust programs and policies targeting provision of RMC. Additional research is needed to better understand the experiences of additional minority communities and those living rural areas and in the Southern United States.