Geochemical signatures and contamination levels of rare earth elements in soil profiles controlled by parent rock and soil properties.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are emerging contaminants rendering potential risks in soils to environmental quality and human health. The causation between their geochemical signatures and contamination levels with parent rocks and soil properties are critical for REEs risk assessments, which are urgently needed globally. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate cause-and-effect among hydrofluoric-acid-digested total and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extracted bioavailable soil REEs and their contamination degree evaluated by pollution indices in 268 soil layer (horizon) samples from 50 soil profiles derived from felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary rocks in Taiwan. The total REEs was 133 ± 61.9 mg/kg and all individual REEs were classified as minimal contamination by the enrichment factor. The highest total soil REEs was from granite, followed by sandstone and shale, mafic rocks, andesite, and ultramafic rocks. All soils were ranked as significantly pollution risk by the pollution loading index. Furthermore, REEs were accumulated in all subsoils due to the co-translocation with soil colloids during the intensive leaching, corresponding with their higher geoaccumulation index value than those in surface soils. The contamination degree and bioavailable REEs significantly increased with the increasing total REEs. However, the stronger sequestration of clay and free Fe oxides for heavy REEs (HREEs) over light REEs (LREEs) mitigated their bioavailability, especially in the highly weathered soils like Ultisols and Oxisols. This study highlighted the dominance of soil properties in REEs fractionation, where the preferential fixation of soil colloids for HREEs throughout soil profiles reduced their uptake risk for biome even under the rising contamination potential.