Preparation of a CNF porous membrane and synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).

We prepared a cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based porous membrane with three dimensional cellular structures. CNF was concentrated a surfactant-induced assembly by mixing CNF with a cationic surfactant, domiphen bromide (DB). Furthermore, they were accumulated by centrifugation to obtain a CNF-DB sol. Next, when the CNF-DB sol was naturally dried, a membrane composed of densely packed CNF was obtained. On the other hand, when the CNF-DB sol was freeze-dried, a porous membrane with the anisotropic cellular structure could be obtained. The interspace between layered CNF sheets was tunable by the DB concentration in the assembly process and the centrifugal force in the accumulation process. FT-IR analysis of the porous membrane showed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the CNF, resulting in facilitation of crosslinking of the CNF and formation of the cellular structures. The obtained CNF-DB membrane exhibited high water resistance. They showed a high ability to absorb hydrophobic dyes such as Nile red and rhodamine B (RhB) due to the presence of the hydrophobic core of DB micelles. Then, the release of RhB could be controlled by the ionic strength in the medium. In addition, they possessed a high ability to adsorb cationic metals such as Ag ions due to the presence of carboxyl moieties of CNF. Next, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by employing the CNF-DB membrane as a template for Ag ion adsorption and reduction. Deposition of AgNPs could be observed on the CNF-DB membrane, which suppressed aggregation of AgNPs. Almost all AgNPs were arrayed apart from each other to generate the hotspots, which could enhance surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of AgNPs. Such an AgNPs-CNF composite membrane could be applied for a label-free analysis of adsorbed RhB.