Recent advances in valorization of lignocellulosic waste into biochar and its functionalization for the removal of chromium ions.

Lignocellulosic waste is a prevalent byproduct of agricultural and forestry activities which is an excellent feedstock for the preparation of biochar. This research area is of interest to the scientific community due to its potential in environmental remediation. In this regard, this review examines the latest advancements in transforming lignocellulosic waste into biochar and explores recent innovations in enhancing its functionality for chromium ion removal. It gives analysis on current methods for biochar production from lignocellulosic materials such as pyrolysis. Additionally focusing on improvements in production efficiency, structural properties, and surface modifications. The review also highlights various functionalization techniques, such as chemical activation and impregnation with metal oxides, that were innovated to improve adsorptive nature of biochar for chromium ions. While progress has been made, achieving scalability in lignocellulosic biochar production presents challenges, such as the high energy demands of pyrolysis, inconsistencies in feedstock quality, and the need for cost-effective functionalization methods. By summarizing recent research and technological progress, this paper aims to offer a clear perspective on the effectiveness of biochar derived from lignocellulosic waste in addressing contamination. Additionally, it discusses the ongoing challenges and future research directions needed to optimize biochar applications in environmental cleanup.