Hydrogen-bonded organic framework nanotransducers enabled sono-optogenetics for Parkinsonian rats.

Cell-type-specific activation of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons in the external globus pallidus (GPe) through optogenetics has shown promise in facilitating long-lasting movement dysfunction recovery in mice with Parkinson's disease. However, its translational potential is hindered by adverse effects stemming from the invasive implantation of optical fibers into the brain. In this study, we have developed a non-invasive optogenetics approach, utilizing focused ultrasound-triggered mechanoluminescent nanotransducers to enable remote photon delivery deep in the brain for genetically targeted neuromodulation. These mechanoluminescent nanotransducers consist of sonosensitized hydrogen-bonded frameworks and chemiluminescent L012, serving as a nanoscale light source through ultrasound-induced cascade reactions. This system offers high ultrasound-triggered brightness and long-lasting light emission, facilitating repeatable deep brain stimulation. Our sono-optogenetics technology demonstrated effective modulation in the mouse motor cortex for limb motion control and activation of PV-GPe neurons for rescuing movement dysfunction over time in dopamine-depleted Parkinson's disease rats. This approach demonstrates the pathway for achieving genetically targeted and non-invasive neuromodulation for long-lasting treatment of Parkinson's disease, towards non-human primate models and clinical applications.