Background: Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are important dietary components for maternal and infant health during pregnancy and lactation.
Objective: This study investigated determinants of maternal and infant LCPUFAs status at three months postpartum and the relationship between maternal serum, mother's milk, and infant LCPUFAs.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included mothers (n=1481) and their offspring (n=526) at three months postpartum from the APrON cohort. Maternal dietary intake (24-hour recall), blood samples from mothers and infants, and maternal milk were collected. Fatty acid composition (relative % of total fatty acids) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Linear regression analyses explored associations between diet, sociodemographic factors, and fatty acid status.
Results: In a multivariable-adjusted analysis, maternal total dietary intake (supplement + food) was positively associated with the percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, standardized(S) ß=0.394; ß=0.394; 95% CI: 0.192, 0.558; P<0.001) in maternal serum phospholipids. Similar associations were found for DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid in mother's milk and plasma phospholipids of infants. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was negatively associated with DHA (Sß=-0.073; ß=-0.003; 95% CI: -0.006, -0.001; P=0.008) and positively associated with total saturated fatty acids (Sß=0.086; ß=0.111; 95% CI: 0.042, 0.180; P=0.002) in maternal milk. Infants receiving formula combination with maternal milk had lower percentage of DHA (Sß=-0.177; ß=-0.390; 95% CI: -0.604, -0.175; P<0.001) and arachidonic acid (Sß=-0.106; ß=-0.595; 95% CI: -1.122, -0.067; P=0.027) in their plasma phospholipids compared to those who were fed exclusively with their mother's own milk.
Conclusions: Maternal total dietary intake and pre-pregnancy BMI are independently associated with their serum fatty acid status during lactation, while maternal diet, milk fatty acid composition, and lactation status are important determinants of infant n-3 LCPUFAs fatty acid status. Future research should investigate the impact of these differences in fatty acid status on infant health outcomes.
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